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Victoria as the heartland of diversity (before 1900)

Andrew Jakubowicz.

Commentary

Created:

unknown

Date Added:

29 January 2009

Source:

source not available

Format:

pdf (Acrobat Reader);

File size:

12 KB

Length:

2 pages

Transcript

Before the arrival of white British settlers in the mid1830s, the area now known as Victoria was inhabited by 36 Aboriginal community and language groups whose members were connected by marriage and kinship. At least in the first decade of settlement in Melbourne, there was considerable cultural engagement between Aborigines and settlers, though violence, primarily over land, characterised relations on the frontier.

The discovery of gold in 1851, the year in which Victoria became a separate colony, prompted a huge influx of people into Victoria, and especially into the areas around Clunes, Warrandyte, Ballarat, Castlemaine and Bendigo. People came to the goldfields from many places around the world. Seeking to make their fortunes, large numbers of Chinese, Italians, other Europeans and Americans joined the ‘rush’ to Victoria. Among them were people imbued with ideals of democracy and republicanism, drawn from their experiences of the Irish famine, the revolutionary turbulence of late 1840s’ Europe and the American War of Independence. Some of these sentiments came to the fore in the Eureka rebellion of 1854, in which a group of gold diggers of diverse origin demanded an end to mining licenses and were brutally put down by government forces. This iconic event would have a long-lasting impact on the public culture of Victoria and become a founding myth of the Australian nation.

The sudden appearance of large numbers of Chinese in Victoria in the mid 1850s triggered racist fears that Australia would be “swamped” by Asian hordes. This prompted the government in 1855 to introduce the first anti- Chinese immigration legislation among the colonies of Australia, imposing a poll tax of £10 per head for each Chinese person arriving in Victorian ports. Other restrictive measures followed as clashes continued on the goldfields and anti-Chinese agitation grew among the trade unions. In 1881, Victoria introduced a law to virtually prohibit Chinese immigration, in line with uniform legislation agreed at the first Intercolonial Conference in 1880. This was the precursor to the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, one of the first pieces of legislation enacted by the Australian parliament after Federation.

Not all new migrants arriving in the 1850s came to dig for gold. Some became market gardeners, small traders and hawkers, providing supplies and provisions to the goldfields and towns that sprang up around the diggings. Early Muslim immigrants included North Indian and Afghan cameleers, who provided essential transport to outback settlements, and participated in major journeys of exploration, such as those of Bourke and Wills in 1860. Other new arrivals flocked to the thriving metropolis, known in the 1880s as “marvelous Melbourne” for its booming economy and cosmopolitan flair. But the depression of the 1890s hit hard. Immigration was reduced to a trickle over the next decade, while unemployment and uncertainty inflamed ethnic, class and social cleavages and sectarian animosities. In 1896 immigration restriction was extended to all non-European peoples and a Factories Act decreed that furniture made by Chinese labour had to be so stamped.

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